{"id":12309,"date":"2022-09-01T14:24:56","date_gmt":"2022-09-01T14:24:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/?p=12309"},"modified":"2025-09-29T06:11:19","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T06:11:19","slug":"coping-with-the-modern-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/coping-with-the-modern-state\/","title":{"rendered":"Adapting to the modern state"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden;\"><iframe style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rxd9_dRBydU?cc_load_policy=1&amp;cc_lang_pref=ar\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><br \/>\n<\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/h3>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u00bb <span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">(Coping with Defeat: Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and the Modern State)<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 <span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">Princeton<\/span> \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064d \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0645 (\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a <span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">University of Toledo<\/span>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 (\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631) \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 (<span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">Jonathan Laurence<\/span>) \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0646 (<span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">Clough Center for Constitutional Democracy at Boston College<\/span>). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u00bb (<span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">The Emancipation of Europe&#8217;s Muslims<\/span>) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u0645.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u00bb (Coping with Defeat: Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and the Modern State) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 Princeton \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12311,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[124],"class_list":["post-12309","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-159","tag-124"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u00bb (Coping with Defeat: Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and the Modern State) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 Princeton \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a 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\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u00bb (Coping with Defeat: Sunni Islam, Roman Catholicism, and the Modern State) \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 Princeton \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 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