{"id":12640,"date":"2025-09-05T08:02:20","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T08:02:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/?p=12640"},"modified":"2025-10-22T07:40:12","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T07:40:12","slug":"irredeemable-failure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/irredeemable-failure\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Reconceptualization]\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/span>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Discursive Approach) \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb 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 <\/p>\n

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\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629\u00bb [Coping With Defeat] \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 (Jonathan Laurence) \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629.<\/span>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064d \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/span>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> (Timur Kuran). \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/span>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/span>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627: \u00ab\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064d \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u00bb.<\/span>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0664\u0666\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 (Pope Pius IX) \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062a\u0648 (Ghetto) \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064f\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0665\u0665\u0665\u0645. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0664\u0668\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 (\u0648\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0661\u0668\u0664\u0668)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 (\u0623\u0648 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\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/span>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 (\u0661\u0668\u0665\u0660\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u00bb. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0666\u0664\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Syllabus Errorum) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0667\u0660\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064d \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u064d\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u064d \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u00ab\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u00bb (Ex Cathedra)\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0624 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647.<\/span>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062d \u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f (\u0661\u0668\u0663\u0669-\u0661\u0668\u0666\u0661\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0661\u0668\u0665\u0669\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u00ab\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u00ab\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u00bb.<\/span>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0634\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062b\u0646\u0650 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/span>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a (Isarel Gershoni and James Jankowski):<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0622\u0630\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0646 (Eric Hobsbawn) \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u00bb (\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0661\u0662\u0665 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0661\u0667\u0668\u0669\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0661\u0669\u0661\u0664\u0645) \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0663 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0661\u0669\u0662\u0664\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi<\/em>) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/span>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u00bb.<\/span>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0647\u064f\u0648\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0651\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/span>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u062a\u0634 (Newt Gingrich)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u00bb (\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00bb.<\/span>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u062f\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064d \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0650\u0628\u064e \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0623\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u064f\u0633\u064a\u064e\u062a \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0647\u0645\u0650\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Pan-Arabism) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/span>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0645\u0627 (Husein Ali Agrama): \u00ab\u062a\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u00bb.<\/span>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a (Nader Hashmi) \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u00ab\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b [Indigenous] \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062c\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629\u064c \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064f\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631.<\/span>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Rentierism) \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u063a\u0631\u064a (Matthew Gray): \u00ab\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 [\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629] \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 (Vali Nasr)\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u00bb.<\/span>34<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u062e\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/span>35<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u062c (Warren Hoge) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (International Peace Institute):<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a [Walmart] \u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/span>36<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0623 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Crony Capitalism) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629\u060c \u00ab\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 [\u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629] \u2039\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u203a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb.<\/span>37<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/span>38<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (Raison d\u2019\u00e9tat). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0643\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062c (Manochehr Dorraj) \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u063a \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f (Neo-Traditionalists)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 (David Warren) \u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (l\u00e8se-majest\u00e9). \u0641\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062d\u0651 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u00bb.<\/span>62<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/span>68<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0631 (Jared Kushner) \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n

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 <\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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