{"id":12695,"date":"2025-09-25T10:17:51","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T10:17:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/?p=12695"},"modified":"2026-01-02T14:26:55","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T14:26:55","slug":"secular-integration-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u00a0\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (Master-Signifier) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0643\u064c \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-1-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;John Ikenberry, \u201cThe End of Liberal International Order?\u201d &lt;em&gt;International Affairs &lt;\/em&gt;94, no. 1 (2018): 7-23.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 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\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u00bb\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-2-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;John Mearsheimer, \u201cBound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order,\u201d &lt;em&gt;International Security&lt;\/em&gt; 43, no. 4 (2019): 7-50, 16.text-'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0633 (Kyle Lascurettes).<span style=\"font-weight: 400; direction: ltr;\"><span id='easy-footnote-3-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Kyle Lascurettes, &lt;em&gt;Orders of Exclusion: Great Powers and the Strategic Sources of Foundational Rules in International Relations&lt;\/em&gt; (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020).'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0664\u0665\u0645\u060c \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-4-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-12695' title='\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a 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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 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\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0650 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-5-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Joseph Kaminski, \u201cIrredeemable Failure: The Modern Nation-State as a Nullifier of Ummatic Unity,\u201d &lt;em&gt;Ummatics Institute,&lt;\/em&gt; December 14, 2022, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/ummatics.org\/2022\/12\/14\/irredeemable-failure-the-modern-nation-state-as-a-nullifier-of-ummatic-unity%20\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/ummatics.org\/2022\/12\/14\/irredeemable-failure-the-modern-nation-state-as-a-nullifier-of-ummatic-unity\/.&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u062b\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0645\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 (functionalism)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (neofunctionalism)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (intergovernmentalism)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (federalism)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 (postfunctionalism). \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-6-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks, \u201cGrand Theories of European Integration in the Twenty-First Century,\u201d &lt;em&gt;Journal of European Public Policy&lt;\/em&gt; 26, no. 8 (2019): 1113-1133.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a: (\u06f1) \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b (\u06f2) \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061b (\u06f3) \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 (inclusive) \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u061b (\u0664) \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u061b (\u0665) \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u0664\u0665\u0645\u061b (\u0666) \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u061b (\u06f7) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b (\u06f8) \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641\u061b (\u06f9) \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u061b (\u06f1\u06f0) \u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-7-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Talal Asad, &lt;em&gt;Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity&lt;\/em&gt; (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003); and Hussein Agrama, &lt;em&gt;Questioning Secularism: Islam, Sovereignty, and the Rule of Law in Modern Egypt &lt;\/em&gt;(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u0666\u06f2\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u0666\u06f9)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u0665\u0645).<span id='easy-footnote-8-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-12695' title='\u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Reinhard Schulze, \u201cTransnational Wahhabism: The Muslim World League and the World Assembly of Muslim Youth,\u201d in &lt;em&gt;Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia&amp;#8217;s Global Influence on Islam&lt;\/em&gt;, ed. Peter Mandaville (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022), 93-113.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u064a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 (\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f8\u0666\u06f3\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0633\/Caritas (\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f9\u06f7\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0631\/Care \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u0664\u0665\u0645). \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0641. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 (\u06f1\u06f8\u06f1\u0664-\u06f1\u06f8\u06f1\u0665\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-9-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Bob Reinalda, &lt;em&gt;Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day&lt;\/em&gt; (London: Routledge, 2009).'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0627 (\u06f1\u06f8\u06f2\u0666\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400; direction: ltr;\"><span id='easy-footnote-10-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Shogo Suzuki, Yongjin Zhang, Joel Quirk, eds., &lt;em&gt;International Orders in the Early Modern World: Before the Rise of the West&lt;\/em&gt; (London: Routledge, 2016); and Ayse Zarakol, &lt;em&gt;Before the West: The Rise and Fall of Eastern World Orders&lt;\/em&gt; (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).'><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a \u06f1\u06f8\u06f1\u06f9-\u06f1\u06f9\u06f3\u06f9\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0641\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-11-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Jamie Martin, &lt;em&gt;The Meddlers: Sovereignty, Empire, and the Birth of Global Economic Governance&lt;\/em&gt; (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022).'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a \u06f1\u06f9\u0664\u0664-\u06f1\u06f9\u0664\u06f9\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062f\u064f\u0634\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u062f\u0632 (Bretton Woods) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u06f1\u06f9\u0664\u0664\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0635\u0627\u063a\u062a \u0664\u0664 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-12-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u062f\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Benn Steil, &lt;em&gt;The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order&lt;\/em&gt; (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013); and Eric Rauchway, &lt;em&gt;The Money Makers: How Roosevelt and Keynes Ended the Depression, Defeated Fascism, and Secured a Prosperous Peace&lt;\/em&gt; (New York: Basic Books, 2015), Chapters 11 and 12.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 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\u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (neocolonialism) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-13-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nathaniel Powell, &lt;em&gt;France\u2019s Wars in Chad: Military Intervention and Decolonization in Africa &lt;\/em&gt;(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021); and Fanny Pigeaud and Ndongo Samba Sylla, &lt;em&gt;Africa\u2019s Last Colonial Currency: The CFA Franc Story&lt;\/em&gt; (London: Pluto Press, 2021).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0622\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-14-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Marshall Hodgson, &lt;em&gt;The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization&lt;\/em&gt;, Volume 3 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1974), Book Six, Chapter VII.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 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\u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u00bb \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u00ab\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-15-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-15-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;James Boughton, &lt;em&gt;The IMF and the Force of History: Events That Have Shaped the Global Institution&lt;\/em&gt; (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2014), 26-27.'><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a 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class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Lise Howard, &lt;em&gt;UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars &lt;\/em&gt;(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u064f\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 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justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Anjali Dayal, &lt;em&gt;Incredible Commitments: How UN Peacekeeping Failures Shape Peace Processes&lt;\/em&gt; (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 1'><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643 \u062c\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-18-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Mark Beeson, \u201cMultilateralism in East Asia: Less than the Sum of Its Parts?\u201d &lt;em&gt;Global Summitry &lt;\/em&gt;2, no.1 (2016): 54-70, at 55. 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\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0628 (Donald Trump)\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f8\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627 (Barack Obama)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 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\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 [\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629] \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-19-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-12695' title='&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt; Gregory Mann, &lt;em&gt;From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel: The Road to Nongovernmentality&lt;\/em&gt; (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 11.'><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-20-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Celeste Hicks, &lt;em&gt;Africa\u2019s New Oil: Power, Pipelines and Future Fortunes &lt;\/em&gt;(London: Zed Books, 2015), especially Chapter One. See also Tom Long, &lt;em&gt;A Small State\u2019s Guide to Influence in World Politics&lt;\/em&gt; (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022).'><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-21-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Oumar Ba, &lt;em&gt;States of Justice: The Politics of the International Criminal Court &lt;\/em&gt;(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 2.'><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 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id='easy-footnote-22-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-22-12695' title='&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Malik Mufti, &lt;em&gt;Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq &lt;\/em&gt;(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), 2.'><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-23-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Donn Kurtz, \u201cPolitical Integration in Africa: The Mali Federation,\u201d &lt;em&gt;The Journal of Modern African Studies&lt;\/em&gt; 8, no.3 (1970): 405-424, at 417.'><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 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\u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0624\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f 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\u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f1\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629.<span id='easy-footnote-24-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-24-12695' title='&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt; \u201cSirte Declaration,\u201d 9 September 1999, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/archives.au.int\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/10157\/1999_Sirte%20_Decl_%20E.pdf&quot;&gt;https:\/\/archives.au.int\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/10157\/1999_Sirte%20_Decl_%20E.pdf&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>24<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-25-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-25-12695' title='&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Jeanne Le Bihan, \u201cMaroc-Mauritanie : quand un pr\u00e9dicateur r\u00e9veille le contentieux territorial,\u201d &lt;em&gt;Jeune Afrique&lt;\/em&gt;, 18 August 2022, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1369844\/politique\/maroc-mauritanie-quand-un-predicateur-reveille-le-contentieux-territorial\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1369844\/politique\/maroc-mauritanie-quand-un-predicateur-reveille-le-contentieux-territorial\/&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-26-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-26-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Carolyn M. Shaw, \u201cLimits to Hegemonic Influence in the Organization of American States,\u201d &lt;em&gt;Latin American Politics and Society &lt;\/em&gt;45:3 (2003): 59-92.'><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; 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text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;See Enrico Spolaore, \u201cMonnet\u2019s Chain Reaction and the Future of Europe,\u201d &lt;em&gt;VoxEU&lt;\/em&gt;, 25 July 2015, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/cepr.org\/voxeu\/columns\/monnets-chain-reaction-and-future-europe&quot;&gt;https:\/\/cepr.org\/voxeu\/columns\/monnets-chain-reaction-and-future-europe&lt;\/a&gt;. '><sup>27<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0648\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0628\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-28-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-28-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 (Viktor Orb\u00e1n)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Philippe Dam, \u201cEuropean Parliament Ups Pressure for Action on Hungary,\u201d &lt;em&gt;Human Rights Watch&lt;\/em&gt;, 15 September 2022, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2022\/09\/15\/european-parliament-ups-pressure-action-hungary&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2022\/09\/15\/european-parliament-ups-pressure-action-hungary&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>28<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0642\u062f 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\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b)\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u00bb. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.<span id='easy-footnote-29-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-29-12695' title='&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Aderanti Adepoju, Alistair Boulton and Mariah Levin, \u201cPromoting Integration through Mobility: Free Movement under ECOWAS,\u201d &lt;em&gt;UNHCR&lt;\/em&gt;, 2007, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/in\/media\/28647&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/in\/media\/28647&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>29<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 (David Cameron) \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a (Euroskepticism) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f9\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f (\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0636 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064f\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<span id='easy-footnote-30-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-30-12695' title='&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Markus Gastinger, \u201cBrexit! Grexit? Frexit? Considerations on How to Explain and Measure the Propensities of Member States to Leave the European Union,\u201d EUI Working Papers, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Number 85, 2019, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/cadmus.eui.eu\/bitstream\/handle\/1814\/64565\/RSCAS_2019_85.pdf&quot;&gt;https:\/\/cadmus.eui.eu\/bitstream\/handle\/1814\/64565\/RSCAS_2019_85.pdf&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>30<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064f \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a (Giorgia Meloni)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-31-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-31-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;\u201cA \u2018Seismic\u2019 Shift: Will Meloni\u2019s Italy Turn Its Back on Europe?\u201d &lt;em&gt;France 24&lt;\/em&gt;, 28 September 2022, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/europe\/20220928-will-the-new-far-right-government-of-italy-s-meloni-turn-its-back-on-europe&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/europe\/20220928-will-the-new-far-right-government-of-italy-s-meloni-turn-its-back-on-europe&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064e \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-32-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-32-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Hannah Roberts, \u201cLeaked Manifesto: Italian Right-Wingers Will Dump Euroskepticism in Bid for Power,\u201d &lt;em&gt;Politico Europe&lt;\/em&gt;, 11 August 2022, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/italian-right-wingers-dump-euroskepticism-in-bid-to-win-power\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/italian-right-wingers-dump-euroskepticism-in-bid-to-win-power\/.&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>32<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a. \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f7\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u0664\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062c\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0640\u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u00bb (Europe \u00e0 la Carte, Multi-Speed Europe, and Core Europe).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; 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text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Fabien Offner, \u201cA Dozen Shades of Khaki: Counter-Insurgency Operations in the Sahel,\u201d &lt;em&gt;The New Humanitarian&lt;\/em&gt;, 11 January 2018, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/analysis\/2018\/01\/11\/dozen-shades-khaki-counter-insurgency-operationssahel&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/analysis\/2018\/01\/11\/dozen-shades-khaki-counter-insurgency-operationssahel&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>33<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0648.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-34-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-34-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;\u201cBamako: Des \u00e9chauffour\u00e9es \u00e0 Badalabougou suite \u00e0 la reprise des manifestations contre l\u2019installation du QG du G5 Sahel,\u201d &lt;em&gt;Malijet&lt;\/em&gt;, 5 July 2019, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/malijet.com\/actualite-politique-au-mali\/flash-info\/229814-bamako-des-%C3%A9chauffour%C3%A9es-%20%C3%A0-badalabougou-suite-%C3%A0-la-reprise-des-m.html&quot;&gt;https:\/\/malijet.com\/actualite-politique-au-mali\/flash-info\/229814-bamako-des-%C3%A9chauffour%C3%A9es- %C3%A0-badalabougou-suite-%C3%A0-la-reprise-des-m.html&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>34<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644. \u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627: \u00ab\u064a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-35-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-35-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Jaehyon Lee, \u201cReviving Multilateralism in East Asia: Small and Medium Powers, Connectivity and Covid-19\u201d in &lt;em&gt;Responding to the Geopolitics of Connectivity: Asian and European Perspectives&lt;\/em&gt;, eds. Christian Echle. Bart Gaens, Megha Sarmah, and Patrick Rueppel (Singapore: Konrad Adenaur Stiftung, 2020), 59-72, at 59, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.kas.de\/documents\/288143\/10822438\/Panorama_2019_02_4c_v5d_JaehyonLee.pdf\/c32b6d83-6d6%205-5d1a-ad09-932b35de7ab9?t=1606102326182&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.kas.de\/documents\/288143\/10822438\/Panorama_2019_02_4c_v5d_JaehyonLee.pdf\/c32b6d83-6d6 5-5d1a-ad09-932b35de7ab9?t=1606102326182&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>35<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0651 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 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class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-37-12695' title='&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Boughton, &lt;em&gt;The IMF and the Force of History&lt;\/em&gt;, 18. '><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u00ab\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-38-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-38-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Michael Gavin and Dani Rodrik, \u201cThe World Bank in Historical Perspective,\u201d &lt;em&gt;The American Economic Review&lt;\/em&gt; 85, no.2 (1995): 329-334, at 331.'><sup>38<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 (Washington Consensus) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 (Market Liberalization) \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; 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text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Petros Mavroidis and Andre Sapir, &lt;em&gt;China and the WTO: Why Multilateralism Still Matters &lt;\/em&gt;(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021), 3.'><sup>39<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; 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text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Christian Olaf Christiansen, \u201cPartnerships Against Global Poverty: When \u2018Inclusive Capitalism\u2019 Entered the United Nations\u201d in &lt;em&gt;Histories of Global Inequality: New Perspectives,&lt;\/em&gt; ed. Christian Olaf Christiansen and Steven L.B. Jensen (Cham, Switzerland: Springer\/Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 277-300, at 278.'><sup>40<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0621\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 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class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-41-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;\u201cUN Chief: World \u2018At the Breaking Point\u2019 with Vast Inequality,\u201d&lt;em&gt; Al Jazeera&lt;\/em&gt;, 18 July 2020, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/7\/18\/un-chief-world-at-the-breaking-point-with-vast-inequality&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/7\/18\/un-chief-world-at-the-breaking-point-with-vast-inequality&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>41<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627).<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-42-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-42-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;See Toyin Falola, &lt;em&gt;Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies&lt;\/em&gt; (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1998), Chapter 3.'><sup>42<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 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\u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u0666\u0645\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-43-12695' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/secular-integration-models\/#easy-footnote-bottom-43-12695' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Emmanuel Igunza, \u201cShould Africa Have a Single Passport?\u201d&lt;em&gt; BBC News&lt;\/em&gt;, 19 July 2016, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36823644&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36823644&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>43<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0647\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 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\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: center;\">*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u063a\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0662\u0664 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0665\u060c\u00a0 .<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/secular-integration-models\">https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/secular-integration-models<\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0626 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 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