{"id":12773,"date":"2025-10-14T13:38:18","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T13:38:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/?p=12773"},"modified":"2026-01-02T14:27:13","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T14:27:13","slug":"criminalizing-the-caliphate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0646\u062c\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0647\u064a: \u00ab\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u2026\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-1-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-12773' title='\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0642\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0637\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u0664)\u060c \u0666\u06f3.'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u064c \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-2-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-12773' title='\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0642\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u06f8\u06f3.'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a (Charles Tilly)\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064c \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 (power holders) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-3-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Charles Tilly, &ldquo;War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,&rdquo; in &lt;em&gt;Bringing the State Back In&lt;\/em&gt;, eds. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 171&ndash;172.'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u00a0 \u00a0\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u0631\u0628\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-4-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-12773' title=' \u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0642\u060c \u00ab\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u06f7\u0664.'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0651 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0622\u0632\u0642 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0638\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u064a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-5-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Irfan Ahmad, &ldquo;Genealogy of the Islamic State: Reflections on Maududi&rsquo;s Political Thought and Islamism&rdquo;, &lt;em&gt;Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute&lt;\/em&gt; 15 (2009): S146.'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-6-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Virgemarie A. Salazar, &ldquo;The Caliphate in the Era of Nation-States,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;FSI Insights&lt;\/em&gt; 1, no. 6 (2014): 1.'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-7-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Ovamir Anjum, &ldquo;Who Wants the Caliphate?&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Yaqeen Institute&lt;\/em&gt;, October 31, 2019, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/yaqeeninstitute.org\/read\/paper\/who-wants-the-caliphate&quot;&gt;https:\/\/yaqeeninstitute.org\/read\/paper\/who-wants-the-caliphate&lt;\/a&gt;, 21.'><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u0664\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a (Brian Massumi) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u0651\u064e\u0641\u064f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-8-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Brian Massumi, Ontopower: &lt;em&gt;Wars, Powers, and the State of Perception&lt;\/em&gt; (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015).'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u064c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u064d \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-9-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Salman Sayyid&lt;em&gt;, Recalling the Caliphate: Decolonization and World Order&lt;\/em&gt; (London: C. Hurst &amp;amp; Co, 2014).'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642<\/h2>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a \u063a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 (Ren\u00e9 Gu\u00e9non) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00bb (The Crisis of the Modern World): \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-10-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt; Ren&eacute; Gu&eacute;non, &lt;em&gt;The Crisis of the Modern World&lt;\/em&gt; (London: Luzac and Company, 1942), 10.'><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u062a\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u064d \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-11-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u0629 &laquo;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629&raquo; [A Theory of the Origins of State)\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648 (Robert Carneiro) &laquo;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629&raquo; \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 &laquo;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629&raquo; \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;Robert Carneiro, &ldquo;A Theory of the Origins of the State,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Science 169&lt;\/em&gt;, no. 3947 (1970): 734.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 (Max Weber) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631 (\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Territorial Sovereignty) \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 (Treaty of Westphalia). \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-12-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Melvin Vaughan, &ldquo;After Westphalia, Whither the Nation State, its People and its Governmental Institutions?&rdquo; (paper presented at The International Studies Association Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, The University of Queensland, September 29, 2011), 6.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629\u00bb (War Making and State Making as Organized Crime)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-13-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Tilly, &ldquo;War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,&rdquo; 183.'><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064d \u064a\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00ab\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0636\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-14-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Tilly, &ldquo;War Making,&rdquo; 184.'><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-15-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-15-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Tilly, &ldquo;War Making,&rdquo; 185.'><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 (John Locke)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-16-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Nader Hashemi, &ldquo;Rethinking Religion and Political Legitimacy across the Islam-West Divide,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Philosophy and Social Criticism&lt;\/em&gt; 40, no. 4&ndash;5 (2014): 443.'><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-17-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-17-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Charles Taylor, &ldquo;Modes of Secularism,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;in Secularism and its Critics&lt;\/em&gt;, ed. Rajeev Bhargava (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), 32.&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;William Cavanaugh, &lt;em&gt;The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict&lt;\/em&gt; (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u063a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-18-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Hashemi, &ldquo;Rethinking Religion and Political Legitimacy,&rdquo; 443.'><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-19-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Hashemi, &ldquo;Rethinking Religion and Political Legitimacy,&rdquo; 444.'><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a (Joseph Kaminski) \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627: \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Islam, Liberalism, and Ontology: A Critical Re-Evaluation):<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify; padding-right: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-20-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Joseph Kaminski, Islam, &lt;em&gt;Liberalism and Ontology: A Critical Re-evaluation&lt;\/em&gt; (New York: Routledge, 2021), 186.'><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-21-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-12773' title='\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0642\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0635 \u06f1\u06f9.'><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-22-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-22-12773' title='\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0642\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0635 \u06f1\u06f9.'><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-23-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Colin Hay and Michael Lister, &ldquo;Introduction: Theories of the State,&rdquo; in &lt;em&gt;The State: Theories and Issues&lt;\/em&gt;, eds. Colin Hay, Michael Lister, and David Marsh (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 5.'><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u064a\u062a (Carl Schmit) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify; padding-right: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0651 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-24-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-24-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Carl Schmitt, &ldquo;Political Theology&rdquo; in &lt;em&gt;Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty &lt;\/em&gt;(Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1985), 36.'><sup>24<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-25-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-25-12773' title='\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0642\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u06f1\u06f0\u0665'><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-26-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-26-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Talal Asad, &lt;em&gt;Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity&lt;\/em&gt; (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 179.'><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0645\u062d\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0644 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-27-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-27-12773' title='\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u06f3\u06f0.'><sup>27<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-28-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-28-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Ovamir Anjum, &ldquo;Who Wants the Caliphate?&rdquo; 19.'><sup>28<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-29-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-29-12773' title='\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629: \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631)\u060c \u06f2\u06f7.'><sup>29<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u00ab\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u00bb (A Fundamental Fear) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (Master Signifier). \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-30-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-30-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;S. Sayyid, &lt;em&gt;A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism&lt;\/em&gt; (New York: Zed Books Ltd, 1997) 53-57.'><sup>30<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0635\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u064c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u00bb (Longing for the Lost Caliphate) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify; padding-right: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a (Profane) (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0649\u064b \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649&#8230; \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a) \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-31-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-31-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Mona Hassan, &lt;em&gt;Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History&lt;\/em&gt; (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016), 31&ndash;33.'><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-32-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-32-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Anjum, &ldquo;Who Wants the Caliphate?&rdquo; 21.'><sup>32<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u064f\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645. \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0651\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a (Brian Massumi) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u00bb (Ontopower: Wars, Powers, and the State of Perception)\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u00bb \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0651\u064d \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-33-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-33-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Brian Massumi, &lt;em&gt;Ontopower: Wars, Powers, and the State of Perception&lt;\/em&gt;, 5.'><sup>33<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627) \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a (\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627). \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629\u00bb\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-34-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-34-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Massumi, &lt;em&gt;Ontopower&lt;\/em&gt;, 13.'><sup>34<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062c\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u064f\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u0664\u0645 \u0648\u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f1\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"direction: rtl; 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text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0641\u0650 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Positivism) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Solidarism)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-35-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-35-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Tolga K&ouml;ker, &ldquo;The Establishment of Kemalist Secularism in Turkey,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Middle East Law and Governance&lt;\/em&gt; 2, no. 1 (2010): 20.'><sup>35<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0647\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064d \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0651 \u0648\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-36-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-36-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Umit Azak, &lt;em&gt;Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Kemalism, Religion, and the Nation State&lt;\/em&gt; (London: I.B. Tauris &amp;amp; Co Ltd, 2010), 49.'><sup>36<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0642\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u00ab\u062e\u0648\u062c\u0627\u00bb \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify; padding-right: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">\u0633\u0646\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0637\u0639.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-37-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-37-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;K&ouml;ker, &ldquo;The Establishment of Kemalist Secularism in Turkey,&rdquo; 24.'><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 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\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-38-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-38-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;K&ouml;ker, &ldquo;The Establishment of Kemalist Secularism in Turkey,&rdquo; 28.'><sup>38<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u06f2-\u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u0664\u0645)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-39-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-39-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Sayyid, &lt;em&gt;A Fundamental Fear&lt;\/em&gt;, 58.'><sup>39<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-40-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-40-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Azak, &lt;em&gt;Islam and Secularism in Turkey&lt;\/em&gt;, 51.'><sup>40<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 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\u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 (\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f1\u06f8-\u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u06f2\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0651\u0641\u0629 (Intelligentsia) \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 (Nuruallah Ard\u0131\u00e7) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a (Meta-Discursive) \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-41-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-41-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Nurullah Ard\u0131&ccedil;, &lt;em&gt;Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern Modernization in the Early 20th Century&lt;\/em&gt; (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012), 288.'><sup>41<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0622\u0631\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u00ab\u064a\u0644\u062c\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-42-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-42-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Ard\u0131&ccedil;, &lt;em&gt;Islam and the Politics of Secularism&lt;\/em&gt;, 242.'><sup>42<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0628\u064a (Deputy Feyzi Bey) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Islamic Governance) \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-43-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-43-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Ard\u0131&ccedil;, &lt;em&gt;Islam and the Politics of Secularism&lt;\/em&gt;, 270.'><sup>43<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0628\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-44-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-44-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Ard\u0131&ccedil;, &lt;em&gt;Islam and the Politics of Secularism&lt;\/em&gt;, 259. '><sup>44<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f1\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0646\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642\u064d \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-45-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-45-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Jocelyne Cesari, &ldquo;Securitization of Islam in Europe,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Die Welts des Islams&lt;\/em&gt; 52, no. 3\/4 (2012): 430.'><sup>45<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u00bb \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u00ab\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-46-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-46-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Brian Massumi, &lt;em&gt;Ontopower&lt;\/em&gt;, 12.'><sup>46<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-47-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-47-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Cesari, &ldquo;Securitization of Islam in Europe,&rdquo; 434&ndash;435.'><sup>47<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f1\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u06f3\u06f7 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0664 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u06f2\u06f1\u06f0 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-48-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-48-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Rayan Freschi, &ldquo;OPINION: How France&rsquo;s Anti-Separatism Law Fits into Wider Islamophobic Persecution,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Anadolu Agency&lt;\/em&gt;, July 24, 2021, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/analysis\/opinion-how-frances-anti-separatism-law-fits-into-wider-islamophobic-persecution\/2313118&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/analysis\/opinion-how-frances-anti-separatism-law-fits-into-wider-islamophobic-persecution\/2313118&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>48<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0641\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d 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\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-49-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-49-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Elisabeth Bumiller, &ldquo;White House Letter: Watchword of the day &amp;#8211; Beware the caliphate,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;The New York Times,&lt;\/em&gt; Dec 11, 2005, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/12\/11\/world\/americas\/white-house-letter-watchword-of-the-day-beware-the-caliphate.html&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/12\/11\/world\/americas\/white-house-letter-watchword-of-the-day-beware-the-caliphate.html&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>49<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641. \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 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\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-50-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-50-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Arjun Appadurai, &ldquo;Sovereignty with Territoriality: Notes for a Postnational Geography,&rdquo; in &lt;em&gt;The Geography of Identity&lt;\/em&gt;, ed. Patricia Yaeger (Ann Arbor: The Michigan Press, 1996), 42.'><sup>50<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a (Supranational)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 (Economic Interdependence) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-51-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-51-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Vaughan, &ldquo;After Westphalia,&rdquo; 17. '><sup>51<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 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400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-52-12773' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-52-12773' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Vaughan, &ldquo;After Westphalia,&rdquo; 17.'><sup>52<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064c \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u00ab\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u063a\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0661\u0664 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0665\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/criminalizing-the-caliphate\">https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/criminalizing-the-caliphate<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 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