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\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b (active framing)\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631… \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/span>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>.\u00bb<\/p>\n \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (social construction of meaning) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u00bb \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u063a \u063a\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u0664\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0635\u0627\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 (Kimberly Fisher) \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/span>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648 (David Snow) \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0627.<\/span>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f (Snow and Bedford) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631.<\/span>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627:<\/span>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n \u0623. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a (diagnostic framing): \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0628. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0651\u0624\u064a (prognostic framing): \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n \u062c. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a (motivational framing): \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 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