{"id":12839,"date":"2026-01-02T13:31:07","date_gmt":"2026-01-02T13:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/?p=12839"},"modified":"2026-01-02T13:32:23","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T13:32:23","slug":"the-specter-of-digital-colonialism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/the-specter-of-digital-colonialism\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0634\u064e\u0628\u064e\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627<\/a> \u0633\u0645<\/a>\u0651<\/a>\u0627\u0647<\/a><\/span> \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0652\u0648\u0650\u062a (Michael Kwet) \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u00bb. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u064e\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064c \u00ab\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u063a\u0648\u063a\u0644\/\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0628\u062a\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0622\u0628\u0644\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u062a\u00bb (GAFAM) \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 (Global South) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/span> \u0643\u0652\u0648\u0650\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627: \u00ab\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630 \u063a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0667\u0660\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u2013 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0661\u0662\u066a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0668\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0643\u0629\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u00ab\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u00ab<\/a>\u0641\u0631\u064a<\/a> \u0628\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0643\u0633<\/a>\u00bb<\/a><\/span> (Free Basics<\/a><\/span>)<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641<\/a><\/span>\u064e <\/a>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0632\u00bb (Global Voices)\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u00ab\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (Net Neutrality)\u00bb. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0669\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0666\u0665 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0663\u0660 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0632\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646<\/a> <\/span>\u00ab\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 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\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a<\/a>\u064f<\/a>\u0628\u0627\u0639<\/a><\/span> \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u064d \u0623\u062f\u0642\u0651. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0641\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0662\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649<\/a><\/span> \u00ab\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u00bb \u00ab\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0667\u0660\u0660 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628<\/a><\/span> \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628<\/a><\/span>\u060c <\/a>\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/a><\/span> \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u00ab\u0633\u0642\u0637\u0627\u062a\u00bb. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0663\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a<\/a><\/span> \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0646 (Edward Snowden) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064e \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a (NSA) \u0648\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb (GCHQ). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/a><\/span>\u064c <\/a>\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0664 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629 (CIA) \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u00bb \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062e\u0651\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062a<\/a><\/span> \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u062f\u064e\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645<\/a>\u0651<\/a>\u0627\u0647<\/a><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0632\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0650\u0646\u0652\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0628<\/a>\u0651\u064e<\/a>\u0647<\/a><\/span> \u062c\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a (Jason Healey) \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Cyber Statecraft Initiative) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u064e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u00ab\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0641\u064c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u00bb\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0652\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641<\/a><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0631 (Sean Gallagher) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u064c \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u00ab\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628<\/a><\/span> \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0632 (Alan Jacobs) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u00bb \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u00bb. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0649 \u00ab\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u063a\u0648\u063a\u0644\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0622\u0628\u0644\u00bb \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u2013 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0645\u064e\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u064a\u0641\u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0641 (Evgeny Morozov)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0630<\/a>\u0651<\/a>\u0631<\/a><\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb (solutionism)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a<\/a><\/span> \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u064c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0650\u062a\u0634 (Igor Pantic) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/a><\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062a (Joe Cortright) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647<\/a><\/span> \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0665 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u00bb (Less in Common) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0644\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062f<\/a>\u0651\u0650<\/a>\u064a<\/a><\/span>\u00bb <\/a>(Luddite option) \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u2013 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u064d \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064d \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0632 (Alan Jacobs) \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u00bb \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628<\/a><\/span> \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0632:<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064d \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0651\u064a\u00bb (areophany)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a (transcendence)\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u2013 (terraforming) \u2013 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (Areoforming).<\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

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