{"id":12878,"date":"2026-03-02T11:25:20","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T11:25:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/?p=12878"},"modified":"2026-03-02T11:25:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T11:25:20","slug":"towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0651"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 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\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064e \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064d \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629 (\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646-Shadlen\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0665).<span id='easy-footnote-1-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Shadlen, K. (2005), &amp;#8220;Exchanging development for market access? Deep integration and industrial policy under multilateral and regional-bilateral trade agreements&amp;#8221;&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Review of International Political Economy&lt;\/em&gt;, 12:5 pp.750-775.'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0651\u0650\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u064d (\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0660).<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 (Washington Consensus)\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u062e\u0635\u0629\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a (\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064a-Harvey\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0665).<span id='easy-footnote-2-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Harvey, D. (2005), &lt;em&gt;A Brief History of Neoliberalism&lt;\/em&gt;, Oxford University Press.'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 (Keen 2012, Klein 2007).<span id='easy-footnote-3-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Klein N. (2007), &lt;em&gt;The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism&lt;\/em&gt;, Penguin, London; Keen, D. (2012), &ldquo;Greed and grievance in civil war&rdquo;, &lt;em&gt;International Affairs&lt;\/em&gt; 88, pp. 757-777.'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson, 2002).<span id='easy-footnote-4-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Acemoglu, D. S. Johnson and J. Robinson (2002), &ldquo;Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution&rdquo;, &lt;em&gt;The Quarterly Journal of Economics&lt;\/em&gt;, 117:4.'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0651\u064e\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064f\u0633\u0633\u064d \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d (Kohli 2004)\u060c<span id='easy-footnote-5-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kohli, A. (2004), &lt;em&gt;State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery&lt;\/em&gt;, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0623\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0639\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064c \u0628\u063a\u0636\u0651\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Jan and Asutay 2019).<span id='easy-footnote-6-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jan, S. and M. Asutay (2019), &lt;em&gt;A Model for Islamic Development: An Approach in Islamic Moral Economy, Studies in Islamic Finance&lt;\/em&gt;, Accounting and Governance series, Edward Elgar Publishing.'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Crony Capitalism). \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0650\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064d \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0650\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064c \u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0651<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u064f\u0643\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u064f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0669 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u061f\u00bb (Who Wants The Caliphate)\u060c<span id='easy-footnote-7-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Anjum, O. (2019), &lt;em&gt;Who Wants the Caliphate?,&lt;\/em&gt; Yaqeen Institute.'><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0662\u0660\u066a (\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0660).<span id='easy-footnote-8-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;OIC (2020), &lt;em&gt;OIC Economic Outlook: Trade and Integration Challenges amid Rising Uncertainties&lt;\/em&gt;, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, SESRIC.'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b (Susanto \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0660).<span id='easy-footnote-9-12878' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/towards-an-ummatic-economic-discourse\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-12878' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Susanto, A. A. (2020), &ldquo;Towards a New Framework of Islamic Economic Analysis&rdquo;, &lt;em&gt;American Journal of Islam and Society&lt;\/em&gt;,&nbsp;37:1-2, 103&ndash;123.'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a 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[&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12879,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[122,54,59,144,78],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-122","category-54","category-59","category---1","category-78"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12878","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12878"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12878\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12878"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12878"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12878"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}