{"id":12887,"date":"2026-04-13T11:04:45","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T11:04:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/?p=12887"},"modified":"2026-04-13T11:04:45","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T11:04:45","slug":"whither-the-umma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0637\u064f\u0631\u0650\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u061f\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064e 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\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u00ab\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<span id='easy-footnote-1-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-12887' title='\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Challenges to Islam and Muslims: What is to be done?&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Islamic Studies&lt;\/em&gt; 42:4 (2003), available at &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/jis.cis-ca.org\/challenges-to-islam-and-muslims-what-is-to-be-done.html&quot;&gt;https:\/\/jis.cis-ca.org\/challenges-to-islam-and-muslims-what-is-to-be-done.html&lt;\/a&gt;, accessed March 2, 2022.'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062b\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0663\u0665-\u0664\u0661\u0647\u0640\/\u0666\u0665\u0666-\u0666\u0666\u0661\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u2013 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0650\u062d\u064e\u0646 \u2013 \u00ab\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 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\u0642\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0640\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0641\u064e \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u06da \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0632\u064c \u062d\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064c\ufd3e.<span id='easy-footnote-2-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-12887' title='\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0644: \u0666\u06f3.'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 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href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-12887' title='\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628: \u06f1\u06f0\u060c \u06f1\u06f1.'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064e\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629.<span id='easy-footnote-5-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-12887' title='\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u06f1\u0664\u06f2\u0664\u06f9\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f7\u06f1\u0666)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u06f3\u06f1\u06f7\u0666\u060c \u06f8\u06f8\u06f0\u06f7)\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a 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\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0641 \u2013 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u2013 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c<span id='easy-footnote-8-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Al-Nohair, Sultan, &ldquo;Obesity in gulf countries,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Health Sciences&lt;\/em&gt;, Vol. 8, 1 (2014): 79-83. doi:10.12816\/0006074; &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4039587\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4039587\/&lt;\/a&gt;, accessed February 27, 2022.'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0663\u0665\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646.<span id='easy-footnote-9-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/X8200E\/x8200e03.htm&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/X8200E\/x8200e03.htm&lt;\/a&gt;, accessed February 27, 2022.'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">* * * * *<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 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title='\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 &laquo;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a&raquo; \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;George Saliba, &lt;em&gt;A History of Arabic Astronomy&lt;\/em&gt; (New York: New York University Press, 1994), 15 and passim.'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 (\u0661\u0662\u0665\u0660\u2013\u0661\u0665\u0661\u0667\u0645). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0647\u064a (\u0661\u0662\u0660\u0666\u2013\u0661\u0665\u0662\u0666\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0668\u0660\u0660 \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u2013 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-12-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Marshall G. S. Hodgson, &lt;em&gt;Venture of Islam,&lt;\/em&gt; 3 vols. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1974), 3: 177.'><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0668\u0660\u0660 \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0661 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0661\u0667\u0669\u0668\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u061f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u0627\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u061f \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-13-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Khaled El-Rouayheb, &lt;em&gt;Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb&lt;\/em&gt; (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 2.'><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0637\u0639\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u064f\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u00ab\u064a\u064f\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0641\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0645\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-14-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Ibid. p. 3.'><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0651\u0628\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u062f\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646.<span id='easy-footnote-15-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-15-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Ibid. p. 1.'><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0651\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u064a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0651\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 (K\u0101\u1e0d\u012bz\u0101del\u012bs) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064d \u064a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-16-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;El-Rouayheb, op. cit. p. 26, passim.'><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0665\u0667\u0667\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0665\u0668\u0660\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0647\u062f\u064e\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0628\u0648\u0621\u0629\u064d \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064d \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646.<span id='easy-footnote-17-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-17-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;D. A. King, &ldquo;Tak\u012b al-D\u012bn b. Mu\u1e25ammad b. Ma\u02bfr\u016bf,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Encyclopedia of Islam&lt;\/em&gt;, 2nd ed. (Leiden, Brill, 1960-2002), Vol. 10, 132-133.'><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u00ab\u0623\u064a\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 (\u0661\u0665\u0662\u0660-\u0661\u0665\u0666\u0666\u0645)\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064e \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0637\u0651\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u2026 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u0651\u062e\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641: \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u064e \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0650\u0635\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0646\u0651\u064a\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-18-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jane Hathaway, with contributions by Karl K. Barbir, &lt;em&gt;The Arab Lands Under Ottoman Rule, 1516&ndash;1800&lt;\/em&gt;, end edition (New York, Routledge, 2013), pp. 7-8.'><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0648\u0621\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0661\u0666\u0661\u0665\u2013\u0661\u0666\u0669\u0660\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a (\u0661\u0666\u0663\u0661\u2013\u0661\u0666\u0669\u0661\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u064a (\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0661\u0666\u0663\u0661\u2013\u0661\u0667\u0660\u0662\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a (\u0661\u0666\u0664\u0661\u2013\u0661\u0667\u0663\u0661\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064d \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u064e \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0628\u2026)\u060c<span id='easy-footnote-19-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Cf. 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\u0648\u064e\u0644\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u064a\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u062e\u0650\u0630\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0634\u064f\u0647\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e \u06d7 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0650\u0628\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\ufd3e.<span id='easy-footnote-20-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-12887' title='\u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0661\u0664\u0661.'><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">* * * * *<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0643\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 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\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645: \u00ab\u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064f\u0645\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064f\u0641\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0633\u064e\u062f\u0650\u061b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u064f\u0636\u0652\u0648\u064c \u062a\u064e\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0649\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-21-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-12887' title='-\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0645: \u0666\u06f0\u06f1\u06f1)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647\u0645: \u06f2\u0665\u06f8\u0666).'><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064d \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u064f \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0650\u0641\u064e\u062a.<span id='easy-footnote-22-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-22-12887' title='\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 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\u0664\u06f7\u06f9).'><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 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justify;\">\u00ab\u064a\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064d \u0635\u064f\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u062e\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621\u064b. \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0646\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064d \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0647\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621\u064b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064d \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u0641\u0651\u0650\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-23-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fear and Hope&lt;\/em&gt;, Book 33 of &lt;em&gt;I\u1e25y\u0101\u02be&lt;\/em&gt;, translation and annotation by William Mc Kane, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965, pp. 3-4; translation slightly modified.'><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0640: \u0661) \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u061b \u0662) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064d \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0642\u061b \u0663) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u00bb\u061b \u0664) \u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0662\u0664 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<span id='easy-footnote-24-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-24-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;According to a 2015 Pew Center survey, Muslims are the youngest (median age of 24 years) of all major religious groups, seven years younger than the median age of non-Muslims. &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/08\/09\/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world\/&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/08\/09\/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world\/&lt;\/a&gt;, accessed February 14, 2022.'><sup>24<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0630\u0651\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0651\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; 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text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0629\u061b \u0641\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0634\u0646\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a (\u0661\u0669\u0660\u0661\u2013\u0661\u0669\u0667\u0666\u0645) \u2013 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629) \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0669\u0662\u0667 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u2013 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u00ab\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u064f\u0644\u0650\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u00bb.<span id='easy-footnote-26-12887' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/whither-the-umma\/#easy-footnote-bottom-26-12887' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;Heisenberg, Werner (1958, 1999), &lt;em&gt;Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science&lt;\/em&gt;, Prometheus Books, New York, pp. 27-28.'><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0669\u0665\u0668\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0626\u0630\u064d \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u064c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0629\u064b \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u061b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0651\u0644\u064f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: center;\">*\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 *\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 *<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0633 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0661\u0663 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0666\u060c<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"ZCuqQ4D8nr\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/whither-the-umma\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; &#8212; \u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0643\u0633\" src=\"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/whither-the-umma\/embed\/#?secret=6C5q8S16Yz#?secret=ZCuqQ4D8nr\" data-secret=\"ZCuqQ4D8nr\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0637\u064f\u0631\u0650\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u061f\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064e \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062f: \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0661\u0669\u0662\u0664\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0644\u063a\u0650\u064a\u064e\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0661\u0662\u0665\u0668\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064f\u0641\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0641\u064a [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12889,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[122,50,59,144],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-122","category-50","category-59","category---1"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12887","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12887"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12887\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12889"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12887"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12887"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12887"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}