{"id":5652,"date":"2025-07-10T06:49:39","date_gmt":"2025-07-10T06:49:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/?p=5652"},"modified":"2026-02-12T06:07:21","modified_gmt":"2026-02-12T06:07:21","slug":"who-wants-the-caliphate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/","title":{"rendered":"Who wants the caliphate?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 |\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ummatics.org\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/\">English<\/a><\/span> | <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ummatics.org\/society-and-civilization\/hilafeti-kim-ister\/\">Turkish<\/a><\/span> |<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ummatics.org\/society-and-civilization\/who_wants_the-caliphate_urdu\/?fbclid=IwAR25VlwqD6uzLmCFdoy5WK25B7SbJpx91I1U274RpyuOSDU0rNIBgcbNXj8\">Urdu<\/a><\/span> | <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ummatics.org\/ummatics-foundations\/siapa-yang-menginginkan-khilafah\/\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<h4 style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u0623\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0647\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629<span id='easy-footnote-1-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-5652' title='&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Diyar Guldogan, &ldquo;Turkish Republic continuation of Ottoman Empire,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Anadolu Agency&lt;\/em&gt;, 10 Oct 18, &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/aa.com.tr\/en\/todays-headlines\/turkish-republic-continuation-of-ottoman-empire\/1059924&quot;&gt;http:\/\/aa.com.tr\/en\/todays-headlines\/turkish-republic-continuation-of-ottoman-empire\/1059924&lt;\/a&gt;. See also, Rashid Dar, &ldquo;The Other C-word: Caliphate,&rdquo; &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/ciceromagazine.com\/features\/the-other-c-word-caliphate\/&quot;&gt;http:\/\/ciceromagazine.com\/features\/the-other-c-word-caliphate\/&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 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id='easy-footnote-4-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-5652' title=' &lt;\/span&gt;\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State&lt;\/em&gt; (Princeton University Press, 2008).'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a\u2014\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u2014\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (republican democracy) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-5-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;FootnoteEng&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-AU&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext;&quot;&gt;John Keane, &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Democracy&lt;\/i&gt; (W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company, 2009): &lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;FootnoteEng&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &#039;Scheherazade New&#039;; color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.1pt;&quot;&gt;&laquo;\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629&raquo; (\u0661\u0666\u0661)&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-AU&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: &#039;Scheherazade New&#039;; color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.1pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;.'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u0631 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\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631. \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00ab (asymptotic ideals). \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0624\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u064a\u00bb (episodic) \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u00bb (fugitive).<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-6-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Sheldon S. Wolin and Nicholas Xenos (eds.),&nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Fugitive Democracy and Other Essays&lt;\/em&gt;&nbsp;(Princeton University Press, 2016).'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 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id='easy-footnote-8-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Despots are pushing the Arab world to become more secular,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;The Economist&lt;\/em&gt;, 2 Nov 2017, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/middle-east-and-africa\/2017\/11\/02\/despots-are-pushing-the-arab-world-to-become-more-secular; &ldquo;The Arab world in seven charts: Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?&rdquo; 24 Jun 2019, https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-48703377.'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a 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title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Samuel P. Huntington, &lt;em&gt;The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order&lt;\/em&gt; (Touchstone, 1993\/1996). '><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-10-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Benjamin R. Barber, &lt;em&gt;Jihad Vs. McWorld&lt;\/em&gt; (Ballantine Books, 1996).'><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00bb<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-11-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;John Gray, Endgames: Questions in Late Modern Political Thought (Polity&nbsp;Press,&nbsp;1997).'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-12-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Stephen D. Krasner, &lt;em&gt;Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy&lt;\/em&gt; (Princeton University Press, 1999).'><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span> <\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-13-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Kenichi Ohmae, &lt;em&gt;The End of the Nation-State: The Rise of Regional Economies&lt;\/em&gt; (Free Press, 1995); Luigi Padula, &lt;em&gt;End of the Nation-State: A Historical Perspective&lt;\/em&gt; (2015).'><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u00ab\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-14-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Peter Dockrill, &lt;em&gt;Business Insider&lt;\/em&gt;, 6\/26, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/climate-apartheid-united-nations-report-2019-6&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/climate-apartheid-united-nations-report-2019-6&lt;\/a&gt;.'><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 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(\u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645!). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u00ab\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u00bb (Recalling the Caliphate):<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 [\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621] &#8230; \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-16-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Salman Sayyid, &lt;em&gt;Recalling the Caliphate&lt;\/em&gt; (Hurst &amp;amp; Co. 2014), 190&ndash;911.'><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 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\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629) (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0662)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0663)<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-17-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-17-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Richard A. Shweder, &ldquo;Geertz&rsquo;s Challenge: Is it Possible to be a Robust Cultural Pluralist and a Dedicated Political Liberal at the Same Time?,&rdquo; in Austin Sarat, Lawrence Douglas, and Martha Merrill Umphrey (eds.), &lt;em&gt;Law without Nations &lt;\/em&gt;(Stanford Law Books, 2010), 226.'><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u00ab\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642: \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u00bb (Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge)\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-18-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Columbia University Press, 2018.'><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645\u00bb \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"direction: rtl;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/h2>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a: \u00ab\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u061f\u00bb \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-19-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Arjun Appaduri, &ldquo;Across the World, Genocidal States Are Attacking Muslims. Is Islam Really their Target?,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Scroll.in&lt;\/em&gt;, May 22, 2018, https:\/\/scroll.in\/article\/879591\/from-israel-to-myanmar-genocidal-projects-are-less-about-religion-and-more-about-predatory-states.'><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u2014 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u2014\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u2014\u0623\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u00a0(globalized) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-20-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-5652' title='\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u00bb \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0635 \u0661\u0668\u0669-\u0661\u0669\u0660: \u00ab\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u061b \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 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\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-21-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Times of Israel,&lt;\/em&gt; 9 July 2019, https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/liberman-future-peace-deal-with-palestinians-must-include-arab-israelis\/'><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 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class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Foreign Affairs&lt;\/em&gt;, Summer 1993, 72.3.'><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u063a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 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400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-24-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-24-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Azad Essa, &ldquo;Muslims being &amp;#8216;erased&amp;#8217; from Central African Republic,&rdquo; Aljazeera, 31 Jul 2015,&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;br \/&gt;https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2015\/07\/amnesty-muslims-erased-central-african-republic-150731083248166.html.'><sup>24<\/sup><\/a><\/span> \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c 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\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062a Vanderbilt University\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621: \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-25-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-25-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Yale University Press, 2017.'><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u2014\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u2014\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. &#8230;\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-26-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-26-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;David Wasserstein, &ldquo;How Islam Saved the Jews,&rdquo; https:\/\/kavvanah.wordpress.com\/2012\/06\/04\/how-islam-saved-the-jews-david-wasserstein\/.'><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-28-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-28-5652' title='\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632\u060c \u00ab\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb (\u0661\u0669\u0668\u0666). \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u00ab\u062a\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u00bb.'><sup>28<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-29-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-29-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Andrew F. March, The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought (Harvard University&nbsp;Press,&nbsp;2019).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>29<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a 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\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u2014\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-30-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-30-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;See the comparison chart in David Graeber, &lt;em&gt;Debt: The First 5000 Years &lt;\/em&gt;(2014), 272.'><sup>30<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 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\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-31-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-31-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Noah Feldman, &lt;em&gt;Fall and Rise of the Islamic State &lt;\/em&gt;(2008), xxxix.&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 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\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u2014 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u2014\u0644\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-32-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-32-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;H&uuml;seyin Y\u0131lmaz, &lt;em&gt;Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in the Ottoman Political Thought&lt;\/em&gt; (Princeton University Press, 2018).'><sup>32<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0651\u064a.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-33-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-33-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;For more on the millet system, see Teseneem Alkiek, &ldquo;Tolerance, Minorities, and Ideological Perspectives,&rdquo;&lt;br \/&gt;https:\/\/yaqeeninstitute.org\/tesneem-alkiek\/tolerance-minorities-and-ideological-perspectives\/.'><sup>33<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a (\u062a. \u0661\u0663\u0662\/\u0667\u0665\u0660) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-34-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-34-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Wadad Kadi and Aram Shahin, &ldquo;caliph, caliphate,&rdquo; in &lt;em&gt;Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought,&lt;\/em&gt; 85'><sup>34<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a (\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644) \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-35-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-35-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: rtl;&quot;&gt;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 (\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646)\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\/\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Mohammed Ali Amir-Moezzi, &ldquo;Early Sh\u012b\u02bf\u012b Theology,&rdquo; in &lt;em&gt;The Oxford Handbook of&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; Islamic Theology&lt;\/em&gt;, 82-3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>35<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 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\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-36-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-36-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Patricia Crone, &ldquo;Ibadis,&rdquo; in G. Bowering (ed.), &lt;em&gt;Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought &lt;\/em&gt;(Princeton University Press, 2013), 230.'><sup>36<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-37-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-37-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Political Metaphors and Concepts in the Writings of an Eleventh-Century Sunni Scholar, Ab\u016b al-Ma\u02bf\u0101l\u012b al-Juwayn\u012b,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Journal of the Royal&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; Asiatic Society&lt;\/em&gt;, 26.1-2 (2016): 7-18.&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;\u0648\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Politics, Law, and Community in Islamic Thought: The Taymiyyan Moment&lt;\/em&gt; (Cambridge University Press, 2012).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-38-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-38-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0623\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c &laquo;\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u062b\u064a&raquo;\u060c \u0663\u0669-\u0664\u0663.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>38<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 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style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-43-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-43-5652' title='\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.'><sup>43<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 (\u062a\u0668\u0660\u0668 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \/ \u0661\u0664\u0660\u0666\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 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href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-44-5652' title='\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0666)\u060c \u0661\u0668\u0666.'><sup>44<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 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text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;H. A. R. Gibb, &lt;em&gt;Studies on Islamic Civilization &lt;\/em&gt;(Princeton Legacy Library, 1982 [orig. 1962]), 173.'><sup>45<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-46-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-46-5652' title='\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0664)\u060c \u0662\u0666-\u0662\u0667\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 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style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-47-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-47-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0643\u0641\u064a (\u062a. \u0661\u0660\u0668\u0668\u0647\u0640\/\u0661\u0666\u0667\u0667\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0667\u0665.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>47<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u2014 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-48-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-48-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f &raquo;\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629&laquo; &nbsp;(problem-space)\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conscripts of Modernity&lt;\/em&gt; (Duke University Press, 2004)&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>48<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-49-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-49-5652' title='\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647: \u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u061f'><sup>49<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642) \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633: \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-50-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-50-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0663:\u0663\u0667\u0662.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>50<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a: \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0631. \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627: \u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0631\u061f \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-51-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-51-5652' title='\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0663)\u060c \u0661\u0660:\u0661\u0665\u061b \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u0661:\u0661\u0664\u0666.'><sup>51<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646; \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-52-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-52-5652' title='\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0661\u0666\u0661-\u0661\u0666\u0662.'><sup>52<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 (\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627).<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064e\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u00ab\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-53-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-53-5652' title=' \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0662\u0667.'><sup>53<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629:<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">(\u0627) \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">(\u0628) \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648 (\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f) \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u2014 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-54-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-54-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;\u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Politics, Law, and Community in&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; Islamic Thought: The Taymiyyan Moment&lt;\/em&gt; (Cambridge University Press, 2012).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>54<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0643) \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-55-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-55-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 &laquo;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a&raquo; \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u060c &laquo;\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632&amp;#8230;\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0640&amp;#8230;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&raquo;\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Marlow, &lt;em&gt;Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in IslamicThought &lt;\/em&gt;(Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1-6; esp. 4.'><sup>55<\/sup><\/a><\/span><span style=\"text-align: justify;\"> \u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650 \u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0650\u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064d \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0647\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064c \u062a\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0622\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u060c \u0641\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0641\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u063a\u064e\u0636\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0643\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0636\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0631\u0650\u0636\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0643\u0650.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-56-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-56-5652' title='\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0664\u06f3\u0665\u06f9.'><sup>56<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621) \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0649. \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u00ab\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644&#8230;\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-57-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-57-5652' title='\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0669\u0669. \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 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title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Michaelangelo Guida, &ldquo;Seyyid Bey and the Abolition of the Caliphate,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;Middle Eastern Studies &lt;\/em&gt;44.2 (2008), 275&ndash;89.'><sup>60<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 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title='&lt;\/span&gt;\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0663\u0668 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a &laquo;\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627&raquo;. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 &laquo;\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a&raquo;. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Halil Karaveli, &ldquo;Hitler&rsquo;s Infatuation with Atat&uuml;rk Revisited,&rdquo; &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.turkeyanalyst.org\/publications\/turkey-analyst-articles\/item\/367-hitler%E2%80%99s-infatuation-with-at%20at%C3%BCrk-revisited.html%20&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.turkeyanalyst.org\/publications\/turkey-analyst-articles\/item\/367-hitler%E2%80%99s-infatuation-with-at at%C3%BCrk-revisited.html&lt;\/a&gt; (Accessed 7\/4\/19). See also Pankaj Mishra, &lt;em&gt;Age of Anger: A History of the Present&lt;\/em&gt; (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017), 131.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>61<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 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title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;James Broucek, &ldquo;The Controversy of Shaykh &lsquo;Ali &lsquo;Abd Al-Raziq,&rdquo; Ph.D. Dissertation (University of Florida,&nbsp;2012),&nbsp;128.'><sup>62<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-63-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-63-5652' title='\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 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\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u062d\u0636\u0647\u0627.'><sup>63<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 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\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-64-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-64-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Quoted in Souad T. Ali, &lt;em&gt;A Religion Not a State &lt;\/em&gt;(The University of Utah Press, 2009), 73. See also James Broucek, &ldquo;The Controversy,&rdquo; 183; and Mu\u1e25ammad \u02bfIm\u0101ra, &lt;em&gt;Ma\u02bfrikat al-Isl&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;\u0101m&lt;\/em&gt;.'><sup>64<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u2014\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651. \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \ufd3f\u0648\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645\ufd3e<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-65-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-65-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Politics, Law, and Community in Islamic Thought: The Taymiyyan Moment&lt;\/em&gt; (Cambridge University Press, 2012).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>65<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">(\u0623) \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-66-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-66-5652' title='\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b)\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-67-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-67-5652' title='\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u00ab\u063a\u064a\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0645\u0645\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 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\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062b\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0666\u0665\u0666\/\u0661\u0662\u0665\u0668 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0662\u0664.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-69-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-69-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Mona Hassan, &lt;em&gt;Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History &lt;\/em&gt;(Princeton University Press, 2017).'><sup>69<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-70-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-70-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Reza Pankhurst&rsquo;s &lt;em&gt;The Inevitable Caliphate? A History of the Struggle for Global Islamic Union, 1924 to the &lt;\/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Present &lt;\/em&gt;(London: C. Hurst &amp;amp; Co. Publishers Ltd., 2013).\u00a0'><sup>70<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-71-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-71-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Jacob Landau, &lt;em&gt;Pan-Islamism: Ideology and Organization &lt;\/em&gt;(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994).'><sup>71<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-72-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-72-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;See, for example, Sayyid, &lt;em&gt;Recalling the Caliphate,&lt;\/em&gt; 189.'><sup>72<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 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\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0650 \u0628\u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0643\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-73-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-73-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;See, in particular, Sayyid, &lt;em&gt;Recalling the Caliphate,&lt;\/em&gt; chap. 5.'><sup>73<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631: \u062f\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0661\u0669\u0661\u0666-\u0661\u0669\u0661\u0668) \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0636\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-74-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-74-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Justine Marrozi, &ldquo;Forget Lawrence of Arabia, here&rsquo;s the real history of the Middle East and World War I,&rdquo; &lt;em&gt;The&lt;\/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;National,&lt;\/em&gt; 26 Feb 2015, https:\/\/www.thenational.ae\/arts-culture\/the-long-read-forget-lawrence-of-arabia-here-s-the-real-history-of-the-middle-east-and-world-war-1-1.640119.'><sup>74<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u00bb (\u0661\u0669\u0668\u0669)\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0662\u0662 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u2013 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629\u2014\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u2014\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f-\u064a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-75-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-75-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Fromkin, &lt;em&gt;A Peace to End All Peace&lt;\/em&gt;, 564.'><sup>75<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u2014 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-76-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-76-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Wael Hallaq, &lt;em&gt;The Impossible State&lt;\/em&gt;.'><sup>76<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 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id='easy-footnote-77-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-77-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Ayubi, &lt;em&gt;Overstating the Arab State&lt;\/em&gt; (1996); see also, Sayyid, &lt;em&gt;Recalling&lt;\/em&gt;, 146, who names the contemporary Arab governments &lsquo;the Mukhabarat state.&rsquo;'><sup>77<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 (\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637)\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-78-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-78-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;See, for instance, Michael Cook, &lt;em&gt;Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective&lt;\/em&gt; (Princeton University Press, 2014); Shadi Hamid, &lt;em&gt;Islamic Exceptionalism: How the Struggle Over Islam&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; Is Reshaping the World&lt;\/em&gt; (St. Martin&rsquo;s Press, 2016).'><sup>78<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648 (\u062c) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-80-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-80-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Quentin Skinner, &lt;em&gt;The Foundations of Modern Political Thought,&lt;\/em&gt; vol. 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1978), ix&ndash;x.'><sup>80<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u00bb.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-81-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-81-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Charles Tilly, &lt;em&gt;Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990 &lt;\/em&gt;(Basil Blackwell, 1990), 1&ndash;2.'><sup>81<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d 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\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u2014 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a] \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-82-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-82-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Carl Schmitt, &lt;em&gt;Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty&lt;\/em&gt;, trans. George Schwab (MIT Press, 1985), 36.'><sup>82<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 (\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646)\u060c<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-83-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-83-5652' title='\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u2014\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00bb\u2014\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.'><sup>83<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627. 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-84-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-84-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Hallaq, &lt;em&gt;The Impossible State&lt;\/em&gt;, 155-6.'><sup>84<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-87-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-87-5652' title='\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.'><sup>87<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 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\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 The Conservative Sensibility \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u062d\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-88-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-88-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;direction: ltr; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;George Will, &lt;em&gt;The Conservative Sensibility&lt;\/em&gt; (2019), 157.'><sup>88<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649\u2014 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0646\u064a 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\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-89-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-89-5652' title='&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: rtl;&quot;&gt;\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Chandran Kukathas, &lt;em&gt;The Liberal&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; Archipelago: A Theory of Diversity and Freedom&lt;\/em&gt; (Oxford University Press, 2003).&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 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400;\"><span id='easy-footnote-90-5652' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/who-wants-the-caliphate\/#easy-footnote-bottom-90-5652' title='\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0666\u06f9\u06f3\u06f0\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u06f1\u06f0\u0666\u0666.'><sup>90<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u063a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl; text-align: center;\">*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0645\u060c \u00ab\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629\u061f\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0661\u0660 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0663\u060c<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/who-wants-the-caliphate\">https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/who-wants-the-caliphate<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref79\" name=\"_ftn79\"><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 |\u00a0English | Turkish | Urdu | Bahasa Indonesia &nbsp; \u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b 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[&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":9875,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[50,51,59],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-50","category-51","category-59"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5652"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5652\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9875"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5652"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5652"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ar.ummatics.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5652"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}